斑玉蕈工厂化栽培中的致病微生物

Pathogenic microbes in Hypsizygus marmoreus industrialized cultivation

斑玉蕈Hypsizygusmarmoreus是我国重要的工厂化栽培食用菌之一,在栽培过程中发生污染将为生产企业带来经济损失。为对实际生产中的斑玉蕈病害进行溯源和防控,本研究采集了一家大型生产企业在3个不同省市产地发生污染的菌种或子实体样品,结合分子测序和形态特征观察对分离到的微生物进行鉴定,并通过平板对峙实验分析了菌株对斑玉蕈菌丝生长的影响。从样品中共分离得到了11株可疑致病微生物,包含10株细菌和1株真菌,分布于3个科7个属,优势科为肠杆菌科Enterobacteriaceae,优势属为芽胞菌属Bacillus,其中2株细菌可能分别为芽孢杆菌属和肠杆菌属Enterobacter新种。对峙实验显示7株细菌和1株真菌对相应宿主斑玉蕈菌株的菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用。结合生产过程,提出培养料的配制、灭菌和出菇管理阶段是斑玉蕈栽培中预防病害的3个关键控制点。在秋冬季气温较低时适当延长培养料的灭菌升温时间,在夏季菇房需要设备降温时加强对出菇过程中栽培环境尤其是水体的严格管理,有助于降低斑玉蕈工厂化栽培的病害发生率。

Contaminated samples or fruiting bodies of Hypsizygus marmoreus were collected from 3 provincial producing bases subordinated to a large-scale mushroom production enterprise in the whole year of 2018 for investigation of pollution in mushroom production.Molecular sequencing and morphological observation were made for identification of 11 isolates of microorganisms,and the influence of the microorganisms on the growth of the hyphae of Hypsizygus marmoreus were analyzed by plate confrontation experiment.The 11 isolates of microorganisms could be assigned to 3 families and 7 genera,of which 10 isolates were bacteria and 1 was a species of fungi.Enterobacteriaceae was the dominant family and Bacillus was the dominant genera.Two isolates of bacteria respectively belonging to Bacillus and Enterobacter were possibly new species.Results of plate confrontation experiment showed that 7 bacteria and 1 fungus significantly inhibit mycelial growth of H.marmoreus.It is proposed that substrate preparation,sterilization and fruiting management should be regarded as 3 critical control points for disease prevention in H.marmoreus cultivation.During low temperature period in autumn and winter,the substrate sterilization and temperature-raising time should be properly prolonged.In summer when the cultivation room needs to cool down using equipment,strict management of cultivation environment during fruiting period can helps reduction of the incidence of disease.