谁从影子教育中获益?——兼论影子教育对教育结果均等化的影响

Who Can Benefit from Shadow Education and its Implication for Education Inequality

本文使用中国基础教育质量监测协同创新中心提供的中部某省会城市小学2013和2014年数据,分析了接受一对一补习和辅导班的影响因素以及两种类型"影子教育"对学生学业成绩的影响效应。研究结果表明,不论是一对一补习还是辅导班,家庭经济水平高的学生参与的几率更大;相比留守儿童和流动儿童,非留守儿童和非流动儿童参加课外辅导班的几率更大,但参加一对一补习的几率没有显著性差异;前期学业成绩好的学生倾向于参加课外辅导班,前期学业成绩差的学生倾向于参加一对一补习。一对一补习对不同群体学生成绩有显著的负向效应,但缩小了弱势群体与优势群体成绩的差距。参加课外辅导班对不同群体学生的成绩产生显著的正向效应。来自家庭经济水平低、前期学业成绩差的学生以及留守儿童从辅导班中成绩获益更大,并因参与辅导班而缩小了与家庭经济水平高、前期学业成绩好的学生和非留守儿童的学业成绩差距。总体而言,有效利用"影子教育"会缩小教育结果的不均等。

By using of longitudinal data of primary schools of a capital city in central China from 2013 to 2014 conducted by National Innovation Center for Assessment of Basic Education Quality, this paper assessed the determinants and effectiveness of two different types of shadow education, one-to-one tutoring and group tutoring. The results showed that students from richer families had more chances to participate in both one-to-one tutoring and group tutoring than the underprivileged families. Compared with left-behind students and migrant students, non-left behind students and nonmigrant students were more likely to participate in group tutoring, while there were no significant difference in receiving one-to-one tutoring for the contrast groups. Students with good academic performance tended to participate in group tutoring while the peers with low performance preferred one-to-one tutoring. Though one-to-one tutoring played negative role in students' academic achievement, it narrowed the achievement gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students.Group tutoring had positive effect on students' academic achievement, especially for students from poor families with poor academic performance and left-behind backgrounds, which means group tutoring will narrow the achievement gap between students with high academic performance and with poor performance and students from poor families and students from rich families, as well as the achievement gap between left-behind students and non-left-behind students. All in all, it showed that shadow education might narrow the inequality between education results.