学区制改革:困惑与厘清——基于义务教育优质均衡发展的视角

The School District System:Confusion and Clarification——From a Perspective of Compulsory Education Development of Quality and Balance

近几年我国一些地区开始试行学区制改革,通过硬件资源、人力资源和课程资源共享、以强带弱等方式促进区域义务教育优质均衡发展,探索出了捆绑、托管、拓展和网络等改革模式,部分契合了义务教育优质均衡发展中的协同发展的内涵要求,但改革过程中也出现了一些令人困惑的问题:一是如何对学区进行科学的定位?学区究竟是一个松散的学校联盟还是一个责权利三者统一的独立法人,它会不会成为一个新的管理层级?二是如何科学合理地划分学区?三是如何避免学区内学校的同质化发展,避免优质校对薄弱校的文化侵蚀,使薄弱校边缘化。解困之关键,首先需要加强学区建制,明确学区职能,赋予学区一定的财权、人权和事权,充分调动学区自身的积极性与主动性;其次,需要深入了解学区内学校的历史、现状和发展远景,充分考虑城市的规划布局,综合协调学区内学校的不同管理部门和单位的关系,合理划分学区并加强对学区的监管与评价;最后,需要在相对均衡的基础上重点突出学区及学校的办学特色,鼓励薄弱校在保持自身原有特色的基础上借助资源共享的契机,充分挖掘与发挥自身潜力,进一步发展特色,并以特色建设为突破口,促进学校整体进步,变薄弱为优质,不断增加学校的社会美誉度和家长满意度,促进学区义务教育的均衡发展。

In recent years, the school district system is being tried out in areas in China, which attempts to develop regional compulsory education by sharing hardware resources, human resources, and course resources, and the helping policy. It meets the requirements of synergy development and creates reforming modes like binding,hosting, expanding and network. However, there's confusion such as how to locate the school district? Is it only a school union or an independent legal entity which will become a new managing layer? How to divide school districts scientifically and reasonably? And how to avoid homogenized development of schools in a district and avoid marginalization of weak schools. To clarify the confusion, we should strengthen the organization system of school district, and entitle it the right of property, personal affairs and administration to stimulate its initiative. We should divide the school district scientifically and strengthen its supervision and evaluation after further insight into the history, state and the future of schools in the district, full consideration of the city planning, and the comprehensive coordination of diverse administration sections and departments of schools. We should also encourage the schools and the school districts to give prominence to feature development based on the balanced education development,especially encourage the weak schools to tap potential to feature development, with the help of which they could have an overall improvement and attain wide approval of the society and people, and ultimately make a contribution to the balanced development of the school district.