元大都城市规划再考:皇城位置、钟鼓楼与“胡同制”的关联

中国建筑史界对元大都的研究深厚,但多是从农耕文明的角度探讨。本文从游牧文明的角度出发,在分析了蒙古高原契丹城郭群、哈剌和林和元上都的考古新发现的基础上,在草原城市的历史文脉中重新探讨元大都的规划特征。首先,笔者对契丹时代城郭群、哈刺和林、上都的空间构造特征进行了比较,指出大都皇城偏南与游牧传统的关联。其次,笔者否定了'胡同'源于蒙古语'xyдar(水井)'的通说,指出它源于蒙古语'Γyдaмж(街道)'一词,并指出游牧社会十进位居民组织制度与大都胡同制十户、百户用地规划的关联。最后指出商业街、钟楼、鼓楼、中心台以及其他官署布置在城市中心是与'胡同制'配套、体现新的城市管理体系的空间布局。

It is telling that Yuan Dadu,the Great Capital of the Yuan dynasty,adopted the hutong system(neighborhood alleys composed of courtyards)instead of the traditional Chinese li fang system(neighborhood blocks being one li square in area)to divide land and administer and manage the affairs of its residents.In this paper,the author discusses the planning characteristics of Yuan Dadu from the perspective of nomadic culture and history of grassland settlements,and tries to analyze why and where the hutong system comes from.Based on new discoveries of Mongolian 11-13th-century walled cities such as Chin-tolgoi,Khar-bukh Balgas,Talyn-Ulaan Kherem and nomadic settlements traditions,the author analyzes the relationship between the administrative-city layout,the bell and drum towers,and the hutong system.