有关出檐的研究

Projecting Eaves in Traditional East-Asian Wooden Architecture

据《营造算例》~②的记载,中国传统木结构建筑的出檐有两种做法:歇山法(大木大式做法)和硬山法(大木小式做法),歇山法的出檐与檐高的比值要大于硬山法。根据对现存遗构的分析可知,中国14世纪初之前的实例出檐做法以硬山法为主,偶有歇山法;而日本则以歇山法为主,偶有硬山法,同时日本还存在一种比歇山法出檐更深的出檐做法,显示出日本12世纪末之前的古建筑比同期中国实例出檐相对檐高更深的现象。最后通过对日本17世纪初的《匠明》~③的分析可知,至迟在17世纪初中国的出檐做法——特别是歇山法——仍然深刻地影响着日本的木结构建筑技术。

According to Yingzao suanli, a collection of small manuscripts handed down for generations of craftsmen who were engaged in official construction projects in imperial China, there are two methods to build the overhang of the eaves of timber structures: xieshan(hip-gable roof) style used for large-scale wood construction(damu dashi) and yingshan(flush-gable roof) style used for small-scale wood construction(damu xiaoshi). The eaves of a xieshan-style roof project deeper and are taller than those ofa yingshan-style roof. Through analyses of extant Chinese and Japanese buildings,the author proves that in China the flush-gable roof was the most common roof type before the 14th century, while in Japan the hip-gable roof was the most common type before the 13th century. Additionally, the eaves of some Japanese roofs projected even deeper than those of a regular xieshan-style roof. Thus the ratio of eaves projection to eaves height in Japanese examples is higher than that ratio in Chinese examples. The study of the Japanese design manual Shomei(1608) further proves that no later than the beginning of the17th century, the Chinese way of building eaves, especially xieshan-style roofs, deeply influenced Japanese roofing technology.