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13世纪哈刺和林的多层木构建筑:关于高300尺的兴元阁建筑样式的探讨(英文)

Multi-story Timber Buildings in Thirteenth-Century Karakorum:A Study of the 300-chi Tall Xingyuan Pavilion
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摘要 本文根据元朝许有壬撰写的'敕赐兴元阁碑'文字记载及最新的考古发掘资料,探讨了13世纪建于蒙古帝国首都哈剌和林的高达300尺的兴元阁的建筑结构及建筑样式的可能性。具体以中国和朝鲜半岛的高层木构建筑的实例为参照系,分析了平面正方,面阔7间的兴元阁为木构高层建筑,外观五层而实际应有结构暗层。楼阁内部安置的'浮屠'推测为藏传佛教的覆钵塔形式。 This paper examines the architectural style of the 300-chi tall Xingyuange('Pavilion of the Rise of the Yuan' or Xingyuan Pavilion), built in 13th-century Karakorum, once the capital of the Mongol empire. Its site plan reveals it to have been square, each side about 38 m in length,measuring seven bays. Traces of 64 pillars have been discovered. It closely resembles the ground plan of the pagoda of Hwang’yong Temple in South Korea, rebuilt in 1096 and burned down by Mongol forces in 1238. Based on an examination of plans and their cross sections of pagodas and multi-story timber buildings, the author suggests that Xingyuange had been a wooden structure and further points out that, even if it externally appeared to have five eaves, as an inscription suggests, it may in fact have been actually either five-or nine-storied. If the latter, there would have been four windowless mezzanines set further back in cross section, like the Yingxian Timber Pagoda(at Fogongsi) and Guanyin Pavilion(at Dulesi). According to the temple stele inscription,there was a 'dafutu' located inside Xingyuange. This could mean either a large stupa or a large Buddhist statue. If it refers to a stupa, there is a strong possibility that it was a Tibetan style stupa(commonly called a Lama pagoda) covered by a wooden pavilion, as found in the Great Golden Pavilion inside the Kumbum Monastery in Qinghai(17th century) and the section containing the burial stupas of past Dalai Lamas in the Potala Palace in Lhasa. If indeed there was a stupa inside Xingyuange, it would have been in the Tibetan style. Finally, the author discusses whether a wooden building reaching a height of almost 90 m. could have been built at Karakorum, in the middle of the grasslands. Under the Mongol empire, it was customary to gather together craftsmen from each conquered region and take them to the homeland. It is possible that craftsmen skilled in architecture were secured in this fashion.
作者 包慕萍 Bao Muping;Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
机构地区 不详
出处 《中国建筑史论汇刊》 2017年第1期343-356,共14页 Journal of Chinese Architecture History
关键词 哈刺和林 兴元阁 蒙古帝国 多层木构建筑 佛塔 (韩国)皇龙寺 Karakorum Xingyuange Mongol empire multi-story wooden buildings pagoda Hwang’yong-sa(in South Korea)
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