摘要
Complex systems are the systems that consist of a great many diverse and autonomous but interacting and interdependent components whose aggregate behaviors are nonlinear. As phased by Aristotle,'the whole is more than the sum of its parts;' properties of complex systems are not a simple summation of their individual parts.Complex systems are widespread. Typical examplesofcomplexsystemscanbefoundinthehuman brain,flocking formation of migrating birds,power grid,transportation systems,autonomous vehicles,social networks, and communication networks.
