并立制议会选举制度在东亚地区的实践探赜

An analysis of Mixed-Member Majoritarian electoral system in East Asia

并立制议会选举制度作为混合选举制度的一种,是苏东国家社会转型时期昙花一现的产物,在世界范围内迅速衰落。令人意外的是,并立制议会选举制度却在与苏东地区情况截然不同的东亚地区落地生根,日本、韩国都主动选择并立制作为自己的议会选举制度,至今已有二十多年。东亚地区出现这种情况并不是偶然现象,而是基于政府的效率、权威和代表性的平衡,基于单数选区和复数选区的平衡,基于选党和选人的平衡,基于选举复杂程度与投票目标性之间的平衡。社会发展带来了多元化的利益诉求,政治精英基于自身利益的考量,东亚地区民众对于政府权威的认同和效率的要求以及该地区特殊的政治文化,是推动并立制议会选举制度在东亚地区得到确立和发展的根本原因。

As one type of the mixed electoral systems,Mixed-Member Majoritarian(MMM)electoral system is a transient phenomenon in the period of social transformation of former Soviet Union and eastern European countries,then fading quickly across the world.Surprisingly,it has gained vitality in the area of East Asia,which is very different from the former Soviet Union and eastern European area,and has been actively practised in Japan and South Korea for over twenty years.This is not a coincidence but a balance of the governance and efficiency,the mass and the elite,majority representation and proportional representation,and election complexity and efficiency.The fundamental cause for the establishment and development of MMM in East Asia lies in diversified demands of interests,political elite’s own interests,people’s approval of government authority and efficiency requirement,and the particular political culture in that area.