官话方言时间副词“将”字再议

Reconsideration of the time adverb “jiang” in Mandarin dialects

南阳方言中表"近过去时"的""[?ia?^(24)],本字是"将",它产生于明末清初,由时间副词"将"的"将要"义语法化而来:第一阶段是经句法拓展和语义泛化,从"将要"义引申出"将近"义;第二阶段是经诱使推理,从"将近"义发展出"近过去时"用法。清代中期"将才""将将"等复合形式逐步产生,后者又发展出"勉强""刚好"等义。"将"字各类读音的声母差异跟各地尖团音分合状况有关,值得重视的是部分尖团音未合流地区,"将"字声母随其副词性功能的拓展而产生分化,这种词形跟字音的偏离现象是引起本字识别困难的重要原因。

In the Nanyang dialect,the word expressing recent past tense is'jiang'.It originated in the late Ming and early Qing period,and went through a grammaticalization of the time adverb'jiang'.The first stage is to extend the meaning of'jiejin'through the syntactic extension and semantic generalization.The second stage is the development of'recent past tense'by induced reasoning.In the mid-Qing Dynasty,the compound forms of'jiangcai'and'jiangjiang'gradually emerged,and the latter developed the meanings of'jinjin'and'ganghao'.The difference between the initial consonants of all kinds of pronunciations of'jiang'is related to the division of the consonant clusters.It is worth noting that in some areas where jiantuan is not confluent,the initials differentiate with the expansion of its adverbial function.The deviation from word formation is an important reason for the difficulty in recognizing this word.