园林的公共性——西方社会背景下公共园林的发展

Gardens open to public——The development of public gardens in Western cities

公共园林诠释了园林的公共性内涵。在西方,自由民主制度是促使公共园林产生的政治性因素。为进一步改善城市环境,不同程度的园林开放则是促使城市公共园林发展的社会性因素。在社会改革的推动下,城市公共园林与公共空间协调发展,一些大型的城市公共园林引导着城市的发展方向。直到纽约中央公园的出现,标志着一个真正为大众服务的公共园林诞生。这些具有公共园林性质的园林是现代城市公园产生的基础。本文通过对西方社会背景下公共园林发展情况的梳理,进一步说明公共园林的主流化发展趋势,对于重新审视公共园林的历史地位具有重要意义。

Public gardens explain the communality of gardens. In western cities, liberal democracies were political factors to produce public gardens. In order to improve the urban environment, gardens' open to public in different degrees were social factors which promoted the development of urban public gardens. Driven by social reforms, urban public gardens and public spaces are developing harmoniously, even some large urban public gardens lead the development direction of cities. The Central Park's appearance marked the birth of public gardens which truly served the public. These public gardens are the producing foundations of modern city parks. Through the analysis of the development situation of public gardens in western cities, this paper will further clarify the mainstream development trend of public gardens, and it is important to reexamine the public gardens' historical status.