松嫩平原苏打盐碱地治理与利用

SODIUM BICARBONATE SOIL MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION IN SONGNEN PLAIN

该文介绍了松嫩平原苏打盐碱地的分布及利用现状 ,对苏打盐碱地农业利用中存在的问题进行了分析。根据苏打盐碱化的成因、特性和近年来对其治理方面的最新攻关研究进展 ,实施分类治理 ,分别提出了一些可行有效的方法 :即对低洼易涝盐碱地进行高产优势水稻开发 ,采取包括施用土壤改良剂、增施有机肥、以砂压碱等多种形式的土壤改良措施和以盐碱地水稻钵育大苗抗逆栽培技术为核心的栽培措施 ;对地势相对较高的碱化旱田采用微咸水淋洗改良措施等。试验表明 :施用TC 1号苏打盐渍化土壤改良剂 1a后 ,耕层土壤溶液钠离子浓度降低 2 6 2 %～ 3 9 9% ,土壤渗透性增强 ,团聚体增加 12 0 %～ 15 0 % ,水稻单产提高 10 8% ;压砂和施加有机肥则降低了根层土壤的pH值 ,且它们的施加量与pH值的降低速率呈正相关 ;盐碱地水稻钵育大苗抗逆栽培技术使秧苗各项素质指标比普通育苗提高 3 0 %左右 ,平均增产 15 %。碱化旱田微咸水淋洗改良则使 0～ 3 5cm深度的亚粘土壤含盐量降低 2 0 %～ 40 % ,ESP降低 2 6 7% ,使高产高效作物的种植成为可能 。

As one of the three biggest Sodium Bicarbonate soil distributed areas in the world, the western Songnen plain has the area of Sodium Bicarbonate soil 300×10 4hm 2. In this region, the land use efficiency is very low because of the serious salinization. The main problems are low rice yield and poor quality in waterlogged saline sodic land, and the serious harm of Sodium Bicarbonate to the large glebe. Through five years' research and demonstration, a notable effect is acquired in this saline sodic land utilization. In the point of developing paddy rice in low lying and easy waterlogged saline sodic land, the rice yield has been obviously promoted and the quality has also been improved by the measures to ameliorate soil which include adding TC 1 soil ameliorant, paving sand from local sand dunes, exerting manure. In addition, the cultivating measures such as techniques using earthen bowl to foster aged seedlings, balanceable fertilization and high quality varieties has been applied. For example, the sodium ion concentration in soil solution of the plough layer decreases from 26 2% to 39 9% after one year. Every quality index of seedlings fostered in appointed bowls is improved around 30% than that of those from general ways. The rice yield of saline sodic land increases by 15% every year. As to develop and reform the sodic glebe, the local rich gentle salty groundwater is utilized to improve Sodium Bicarbonate soil by leaching. After two years' leaching experiment in sandy soil field and clay silt soil field, soil TDS falls by 20% to 40% and ESP decreases by 26 7%, which indicates the efficiency of land use has been greatly improved.