西方哲学中主体性问题的历史嬗变

The Historical Transition of the Problem of Subjectivity in the Western Philosophy

主体性问题在西方哲学中经历了一个从主体性到主体间性的历史演变过程。近代哲学明确确立了主体性的概念 ,首先提出了主体性问题 ,但把主体性限定在认识论的范围之内 ,把主体性等同于自我意识 ,陷入了唯我论的困境 ;胡塞尔构成了主体性问题演变过程中的中间环节 ,一方面从认识论上论证先验自我的构造功能 ,另一方面又提出先验的主体间性 ,试图摆脱唯我论困境 ;当代哲学超越了认识论的视域 ,以主体间性代替主体性 ,从本体论和语言学哲学的角度重建主体间性 。

The problem of subjectivity has undergone a historical transition in the western philosophy: from subjectivity to intersubjectivity. In the modern philosophy, the concept of subjectivity was definitely established and the problem of subjectivity was firstly put forward, but subjectivity was limited in the scope of epistemology and was equal to self consciousness, which caused the plight of solipsism. Husserl makes a link in the transition of the problem of subjectivity. On the one hand, he argued the constructive function of the transcendental ego from an epistemological point of view; on the other hand, he brought forward the transcendental inersubjectivity in order to break away from the plight of solipsism. In the contemporary philosophy, the scope of epistemology has been transcended; subjectivity has been replaced by inersubjectivity, which was reconstructed based on ontology and linguistic philosophy. Therefore, the methodological solipsism of the philosophy of consciousness has been overcome.