从黑城文书看元代的养济院制度——兼论元代的亦集乃路

See the System of charitable Courts from Black City Book and to Talk about Yijinailu Road in Yuan dynasty

《俄藏敦煌文献》中的 ДХ . 1 90 72R《元至正三年亦集乃路巡检司为收养郭张驴等孤老状本路总管府及指挥使判》为黑城文书 ,是目前所见的惟一一件有关元代养济院的出土官文书 ,对研究元代养济院制度和相关问题有重要意义。此件文书证实了元代鳏寡孤独废疾收养制度曾有效地实行 ,并一直实行到元末。元代鳏寡孤独废疾收养制度即养济院收养制度 ,受宋代的养济院和福田院等社会救助制度影响 ,并与其有直接的渊源关系。元朝还建立了与养济相关的法律 ,以确保鳏寡孤独老弱残疾者得到收养。

The charitable system in Yuan dynasty is a system adopting widowers,widows,orphans,bachelors,widowers,old people and weak people.Black Book is “legal paper adopting orphans and old people such as Guozhanglu of the manager court and the commanding center Yijinailu procurator ate in the third year of Zhizheng in Yuan dynasty” in “Dunhuang Dcuments in Russia”,which is only unearthed official paper about charitable courts.The paper is important for the study on charitable institutions.The paper demonstrates that the charitable institution has been effectively practiced in Yuan dynasty.The charitable institution of Yuan dynasty has original relationship with the charitable system in Song dynasty.Yuan dynasty also constructed the legal system which was related with the charitable system in order to guarantee adoptions of widowers,widows,orphans,bachelors,widowers,old people and weak people.