On the Gauge Invariance of The Transition Probability of A Charged Particle in Electromagnetic Field

This paper suggests a principle to find a unitary operator U which transforms non-physical quantity,zero-potential Hamiltonian Ho, into true physical quantity UHoU+ for a charged particle in classical electromagneticfield, and puts forward a unified form of constructing gauge-independent transition probabilities in this case. Differentmethods correspond to different unitary operators which satisfy the above-mentioned principle.

This paper suggests a principle to find a unitary operator U which transforms non-physical quantity, zero-potential Hamiltonian H0, into true physical quantity UH0U? for a charged particle in classical electromagnetic field, and puts forward a unified form of constructing gauge-independent transition probabilities in this case. Different methods correspond to different unitary operators which satisfy the above-mentioned principle.