华北不同地区全新世环境演变对古文化发展的影响

EFFECTS OF HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF NORTH CHINA

辽西牛河梁、内蒙古中南部庙子沟和甘肃秦安大地湾是中国北方的 3个重要新石器文化遗址。本文利用孢粉、黏土矿物等古气候指标对 3个遗址所在地区的全新世气候变化进行了研究 ,并结合这些地区的地理位置和地质地形条件等特征 ,分析和探讨了这些地区的自然条件和全新世环境演变及其与古文化发展的关系 ,阐明了不同地点的环境及其演变的共性和差异以及对古文化发展的影响。

Niuheliang Site in the west of Liaoning Province, Miaozigou Site in the south of center Inner Mongolia, and Dadiwan Site in the east of Gansu Province are all the important Neolithic archaeological sites in North China. The paleoenvironment of the regions restructured by the analyses of Holocene sediments represents not only the similar climatic fluctuations drived by the Eastern Asian Monsoon, but also the differences owing to the geographical localities and the local landforms. The cultural development in the three regions responded differently to the climatic changes and local environmental conditions. At about 8kaB.P., not long after the beginning of the Megathermal, agriculture developed quickly in the Dadiwan area and the west of Liaoning Province. This trend continued until 6kaB.P. and the cultures kept pace with Zhongyuan(middle North China) area. The climate became slightly drier and cooler during the period of 6～5kaB.P., but did not cause an negative effect on the development of agriculture in the two regions. The expansion of the late stage of Yangshao Culture must be caused by the progresss of culture itself and the contradiction between human being and land caused by enlarged population and deteriorated climate. Because of the unfavourable natural conditions such as climate, landform and land available for agriculture in Huangqihai area, human activity before 5.5kaB.P. has never been found. Then, the contradiction between human being and land emerged in each agriculture area and forced some people to immigrate here. The paleoclimate became much drier and cooler after 5kaB.P. and arosed an intensive impact on the archaeological cultures in North China, making not only the short lived culture in the Huangqihai area disappear, but also the relatively advanced archaeological cultures in the west of Liaoning Province and the east of Gansu Province decline obviously. However, ancient cultures in Zhongyuan area where the precipitation and the temprature were higher than the above mentioned three regions, still kept improvement marked with the emergency of thriving Longshan Culture, and then steadily entered into civilization times.$$$$