有效温度法则在我国粘虫发生地理学上的检验

TESTING THE NUMBER OF GENERATIONS OF THE ARMY WORM (CIRPHIS UNIPUNCTA HAW.) OCCURRING IN VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS IN CHINA BY THE METHOD OF "THERMAL SUMS"

一、引言 在生物发育学的发展历史上先躯工作者Reaumer(1735)很早就提出植物的季节现象,例如谷类或果实的成熟都同植物生长季节的日平均温度保持一定的关系。他并且指出不同年份的类似的计算以及不同地带如热带、温带及寒带相同谷类的成熟期间内的平均温度的累积都是相等的。因此,他指出:生物受总热量后,对生长的影响为一常数。这种概念一般可以下列公式表之:

The army worm (Cirphis unipuncta Haw.) was commonly found in a wide geogra-phical district in China occurring on the extreme North to the South. It was knownalso that the number of generations varies according to the position of the latitude,being more in the lower latitude and fewer generations in the higher latitude. Thisphenomena was tested by means of "thermal sums" equation. The present studiesindicate that the equation holds fairly well for this particular pest. That is to say, wemay use this equation together with the available meteorological data to estimate thepossible and approximate number of generations that may happen in certain regions. In the laboratory under various constant temperature conditions the biologicalconstants were computed. They were found as follows: With these constant values and the meteorological data it was found that thenumber of generations varies in the following natural regions: Tung-pei (Northeastern)region………………………………………1--2 generations Hwa-pei (North China) region………………………………………3--4 generations Hwa-chung(Central China) region…………………………………4--7 generations Hwa-nan (South China) region………………………………………7--8 generations Kang-tian(Sikang-Yunnan) region…………………………………3--4 generations Tsing-tsang (Tsinghai-Tibet)region………………………………1--2 generations Mon-Sin (Mongolia-Sinkiang)region…………………………………2--3 generations For a better estimation of the range of number of generations it was suggestedto use the "standard error of estimate" method in supplementing the well-knownhyperbolic equation; while for more accurate estimate for specific region certaincorrecting factors must be made. The present authors also suggest that it was quite possible to use the meanannual isotherm line as the approximate line of division between two adjacent re-gions, thus: Isotherm line of 2℃. separating 1 and 2-generation regions Isotherm line of 6℃. separating 2 and 3-generation regions Isotherm line of 12℃. separating 3 and 4-generation regions Isotherm line of 16℃. separating 4 and 5-generation regions Isotherm line of 18℃. separating 5 and 6-generation regions Isotherm line of 20℃. separating 6 and 7-generation regions Isotherm line of 22℃. separating 7 and 8-generation regions In the light of the "thermal constant" idea the possible overwintering stage incertain region was also suggested, for example, in Peking and Harbin, it was prin-cipally the papal stage. Finally, in the discussion the possible use and the limit of the Sanderson-Pearis-Krogh generalization were mentioned and other possible correcting factors alsoconsidered.