江南地区战国原始瓷发展与越国的兴衰

The Development of the Protoporcelain in the Jiangnan Area during the Warring-States Period and the Vicissitudes of the Yue State

原始瓷是瓷器的早期形态,出现于夏代晚期,成熟于商代早期,初步发展于西周早期,兴盛于战国早期,战国中晚期衰落。器形中礼器占相当比例。原始瓷主要集中于以浙江为中心的江南地区。战国是先秦原始瓷发展的鼎盛时期,不仅生产规模大、数量多、种类丰富、质量高,而且大量生产仿青铜的礼乐器,是高度礼制化的一个时期。结合墓葬与窑址的资料,江南地区整个战国时期原始瓷大致可以分成六个时期。越是早期产品种类越丰富、质量越好、档次较高,越是晚期产品质量越差、器形越小。由于战国原始瓷大量为礼乐器,从墓葬出土情况来看,墓葬规模越大、等级越高,使用的原始瓷数量越多、质量越好、档次越高,是越国贵族身份与地位的重要象征。支撑战国原始瓷生产的是越国的国力,而非经纯粹的经济与技术因素,因此,原始瓷的衰落,反映了越国从兴盛逐渐走向衰落的完整过程。

The proto-porcelain is the primitive form of porcelain,which emerged in the late Xia Dynasty,matured in the early Shang Dynasty,preliminarily popularized in the early Western Zhou Dynasty,?ourished in the early Warring-States Period and declined in the mid and late Warring-States Period.Among the proto-porcelain wares,ritual vessels took a rather large proportion,and they were mainly concentrated in the Jiangnan area(the area to the south of the lower reach of Yangtze River).The Warring-States Period is the climax for the development of the proto-porcelain industry;during this period,the production scale was large,product quantity was abundant,types were rich and quality was high,and large amounts of proto-porcelain ritual vessels imitating the bronze ones were produced,marking this period as a ritualistic period for the proto-porcelain industry.Referring to the data from both the burials and kiln sites,the proto-porcelain of the entire Warring-States Period could be divided into six phases.In the earlier phases,the proto-porcelain had richer types,better quality and higher ranks,and in the later phases,the quality was worse and the sizes were smaller.Because large amounts of the proto-porcelain wares in the Warring-States Period were ritual vessels and musical instruments,the burials with larger sizes and higher ranks had more,higher quality and higher rank proto-porcelain wares yielded,so they were important symbols of the statuses and positions of the elites of the Yue State.Therefore,it is the state power who was supporting the production of proto-porcelain of the Yue State rather than purely the economic and technical factors;as well,the declining of the proto-porcelain re?ected the procedure of the vicissitude of the Yue State.