考古学上汉文明论纲

Essential of the Archaeological Han Civilization

通过古代遗存研究古代社会的考古学概念以及以物化要素来讨论文明起源及时代特征的考古学研究范式已经举步维艰;文明之间根本的区别并不仅仅或并不是物质现象之间的差异。考古学是通过物质遗存来研究古代社会发展演变规律的一门学科,承载文化发生和发展过程中核心基因的物质遗存,是由不同时期宇宙观、社会治理体系及核心文化价值观三者共同作用下的产物,以社会治理体系为轴心,以宇宙观决定的思维方式和以核心文化价值观决定的行为处事方式,三者共同构成了文明的基本特质。秦汉帝陵中的陪葬坑、陵墓封土形态以及高台建筑、中轴对称南与向理念、魂魄观与墓祭、TLV博局铜镜及博局、多室墓、长城等都是汉文明的物化体现。考古学上的汉文明,是在帝国体制演变过程中,形成的以汉字为书写和交流的工具,以阴阳五行为宇宙观,以对立、变通为思维方式,以规矩核心价值观为行为处事方式的文化体系。

The concept of archaeology of studying ancient societies through the ancient remains,and the archaeological research paradigm of exploring origins of civilizations and the characteristics of their times by the materialized elements have been facing a hardship;the fundamental differences among civilizations are not only,or not at all,the differences among the materialized phenomena.Archaeology is a discipline studying the rules of the evolutions of the ancient societies through the material remains;the material remains as the carrier of the core genes of the cultures during their emergences and developments are the products of the joint effects of the cosmology,social governance system and core cultural values in their respective times.Centered by the social governance system,the way of thinking decided by the cosmology,and behavior and way to deal with affairs decided by the core cultural values formed the basic nature of a civilization.The storage pits and mounds of the imperial mausoleums of the Qin and Han Dynasties,as well as the terrace architectures,the planning idea of symmetry along the central axis and facing south,the concept of souls and grave sacri?cial ceremonies,the bronze mirrors with TLV pattern,multi-chamber tombs,the Great Wall,and so on,are all the materialized embodiments of the Han Civilization.The Han Civilization in the archaeological sense,is the cultural system constructed during the evolution of the empire system:this civilization uses Chinese characters as its writing and communicating medium,the yin-yang and Five Elements theories as the cosmology,opposition and adaptation as the way of thinking,and the core value of doing things according to the'carpenter’s square and compass(social rules)'as the direction of the behavior and way to deal with affairs.