工业品外观设计美国保护模式之演进和批判

The Evolvement and Criticism on the Protection of the U.S Industrial Design

美国对工业品设计主要以设计专利的模式加以保护;为了区分专利保护和版权保护的界限,在司法实践中用"分离测试"来评价工业品设计的可版权性;美国宪法的"版权和专利条款"则用来作为获取专有权的底线,以防止联邦之外的设权行为;在立法上,出于功利主义的价值观,不同领域设计所能获得的保护并不一致。上述制度工具彼此联动,既保证工业品设计创新的充足,又可以有效地扩充设计中的公有领域,满足产品式样翻新的需求,我国在借鉴时应当避免"只见树木不见森林"的单一式制度移植。

The US protects industrial design as design patent; to decide whether industrial design is copyrightable, physical and conceptual separability is applied; Art. 1,Sec. 8, Clause 8 of US Constitution guaranteed the exclusive power of Federal on the grant of exclusive rights; based on the philosophy of utilitarianism, US legislation treated different kind of designs in different ways. These legal tools are functioning interactively to promote creation of industrial design and enrich the'public domain'to satisfy design renovation as well. Therefore, single institution transplantation should be avoided, or we may miss the whole'forest'.