卢梭自然主义的道德教育思想及其当代启示

Rousseau's Moral Education Thought of Naturalism and Its Contemporary Significance

卢梭在《爱弥尔》中阐述了一系列丰富的道德教育思想。卢梭认为教育需顺应儿童成长的各个自然阶段,用"事物的必然性"替代理性说教来教导学生。他希望通过自然主义的道德教育使人返回"自然状态",在现代理性主义启蒙哲学的废墟之上重新建构现代社会的道德基础,培养具有健全判断力、完整自足又可融入社会的"自由人",将人从道德怀疑主义、相对主义甚至虚无主义的深渊中解救出来,克服启蒙哲学给人造成的多重分裂,恢复人性本身的完整和统一。其主张顺应自然天性的教育方法既体现出对启蒙哲学的批判,同时开辟了道德教育发展的新方向,具有承前启后的转折意义,富有鲜活的生命力,对后世有着深远的影响。

The thoughts on moral education were abundantly illustrated in Rousseau's Emile,Rousseau insists that the education should submit to the natural phases of the child,and the sermon of the reason should be replaced by the necessities of the thing. His purpose is the return of the natural state through the moral education of naturalism. To rebuild the moral foundation of the modern society and to make up the problems released by the enlightment philosophy,Rousseau believes that the way to heal is that the society can develop the person who has sound judgment and inner integrity. Only this sort of person can have a good relationship with the society. Rousseau insists that only this method can overcome the skepticism,the relativism and nihilism. To solve the problem by the enlightment philosophy also means to integrate the split of the humanity and to recover the unity and the integrity of the human being. Rousseau's theory of moral education shows deep critique of the enlightment philosophy and provides a new direction to moral education. In this respect Rousseau's theory has significance for the contemporary understanding of the education philosophy.