祁连山绿色发展:从生态治理到生态恢复

Tightening ecological management facilitates green development in the Qilian Mountains

在祁连山生态环境经重锤整治、生态恢复初显成效之际,第二次青藏高原综合科学考察之'祁连山综合考察'全面开启.优先围绕生态系统与生态安全、固体水库动态变化、人类活动变化与生态生计影响三大关键任务,开展天-空-地一体化考察,定量核算了生态环境整治后局部的生态环境收益与经济损失,并基于远程耦合方法核算了祁连山的全局生态系统服务价值.研究发现:生态环境整治提升了生态环境服务价值;暖湿化背景下生态系统整体向好,珍稀物种种群扩大,但对局部草原过牧管控不力导致退化;冰川冰储量亏损加剧,冰川融水径流贡献率将越过临界点;过去10多年冻土融化释放的水量约为1.18 km3/a,相当于祁连山出山河流年径流总量的10%;祁连山全局生态系统服务估算价值高达10676(±1601)亿元,远高于2017年区域经济损失的53.09亿元.鉴于祁连山对于全国的巨大生态价值,建议国家加大生态补偿力度,实现祁连山生态生计双赢的绿色发展.祁连山综合科学考察成果可为祁连山国家公园建设,以及'山水林田湖草'系统保护与修复提供详实数据和决策依据,为'丝绸之路经济带'沿线国家流域治理提供典型案例和科学支撑.

The Qilian Mountains Scientific Expedition was launched under the framework of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition Program after tightening eco-environmental management in the Qilian Mountains.The expedition focused on three key areas:(1)Ecosystem diversity and security,(2)dynamic changes in glaciers and permafrost,and(3)changes in human activities and their corresponding eco-livelihood impacts.In this scientific expedition,a comprehensive investigation was conducted according to an integrated space–drone–ground-based field survey and a socioeconomic survey.More than 200 researchers participated in this expedition that lasted for 260 d and spanned47500 km.First,investigations were performed for changes in human activities before and after tightening eco-environmental management in the Qilian Mountains.The local eco-environmental benefits and economic losses after the tightening eco-environmental management were analyzed by adopting the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model and the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting method.Additionally,the telecoupling values of the overall ecosystem services of the Qilian Mountains were estimated using an innovative method.Second,investigations were performed for several glaciers located in the Qilian Mountains to evaluate the characteristics of glacier distribution and variations in glacier changes.The glacier ice storage and annual degradation rate were further estimated using data derived from a glacier inventory and Landsat images.Moreover,the characteristics of permafrost distribution in the Qilian Mountains were comprehensively analyzed.Furthermore,an innovative method was developed to estimate ground ice storage and the annual water discharge rate from permafrost in the six river basins of the Qilian Mountains.Lastly,investigations were performed on changes in the forest line in a coupled forest and shrub ecosystem using a drone and field surveys.Further,the spatial and temporal grassland patterns and the associated productivity were analyzed.Moreover,dynamic changes in the five main lakes in the Qilian Mountains were assessed at different spatial and temporal scales,and the activities of the key rare species such as the snow leopard were monitored regularly using infrared cameras.The key findings of the Qilian Mountains Scientific Expedition were as follows:(1)The ecological service functions of the Qilian Mountains are promoted by tightening eco-environmental management;(2)the ecosystem of the Qilian Mountains is recovering under a warm and wet climate,and the population of rare species is expanding;however,localized overgrazing is causing grassland degradation in some areas;(3)the glacier loss rate is accelerating,and the contribution of glacial melt to river runoff is expected to exceed the critical point;(4)over the past 10 years,the meltwater from permafrost has been as high as 1.18 km3/a,which is equivalent to 10%of the annual runoff into the Qilian Mountain rivers;(5)the value of the overall ecosystem services in the Qilian Mountains has been estimated to be as high as 1067.6(±160.1)billion Yuan,which is much higher than the regional economic loss observed in 2017.It is suggested that the government should markedly increase ecological compensation to achieve a win-win situation for green development regarding ecological livelihood in the Qilian Mountains.The findings from this scientific expedition provide comprehensive datasets and decisionmaking support for the establishment and management of the Qilian Mountain National Park and the protection of the ecosystems of the Qilian Mountains.Such expeditions can provide scientific support for watershed management in states or regions located along the Silk Road Economic Belt.