张之洞对商人群体的扶持维护

Zhang Zhi-dong's Support and Maintenance for Merchant Group

张之洞在 1 9世纪末形成了新型的“大商务”观 ,提出“以商劝工”并极力扶助新式商人群体。在错综复杂的中外矛盾和官、商、民群体的利益纠葛中 ,他兴商学 ,开商智 ,鼓商情 ,减商负 ,集商力 ,并允许商人形成“自组织”,进而主张制定新型法律以规范商人行为和保护商人利益。张氏对外商的种种不合理要求与行动作了抵制 ,支持华商与外商竞争 ;他还反对商业活动中的垄断把持、欺诈作伪和地方保护主义 ;在铁路政策上则主张股本、盈利“官民各半”

At the end of 19 th century, Zhang Zhi dong formed his view of 'Macro Commerce', put up the idea of 'supporting industry by commerce', and supported new born merchant group. In the contexts of very complicated conflicts between China and foreign countries, and the different beneficial imbroglio between the groups of official, merchant and civilian, he established commerce schools, enlarged the wisdom of commerce, encouraged merchant' interests, reduced merchant's burden, concentrated the force of merchant, permitted merchant to form their own organizations, and proposed to establish new laws to regulate merchant and protect their benefits. He resisted foreign merchant' unreasonable requirements and actions, supported commercial competition between China and foreign countries. He also opposed commercial monopoly, cheating and regional protectionism. On rail policy he insisted that officials and merchant occupy the capital stock and profits half and half respectively.