工会能够提高工人工资么?——基于上海市闵行区“企业—员工”匹配调查的分析

Can Trade Unions Increase Worker's Wage?An Analysis Based on Employer-Employee Matehed Survey Conducted in Minhang District,Shanghai

收入分配不平等是中国在中等收入阶段面临的重大问题,作为员工利益代表的工会应该在初次收入分配中发挥更重要的作用。本文使用一套在上海市闵行区制造业调查的"企业-员工"匹配数据,以明瑟工资方程为基础,采用OLS(最小二乘法)方法进行分析。研究结果显示,工会能够显著提高其覆盖员工的小时工资,但对周工资和月工资影响不明显,这是因为工会覆盖企业的员工人力资本水平高,且在工作时间等方面严格执行法律规定。在判断工会发挥作用的范围上,文章比较了三个不同的代表工会化的变量,即全总口径的企业认可、西方口径的员工认同和新口径的员工认知。比较结果显示,有的企业工会没有起到保护工人权益的作用;而有的发挥作用的工会,虽然其效果覆盖了整个企业,但员工认同程度偏低。为了进一步发挥工会维护工人权益的作用,全总应该注重对农民工、女性劳动者等劳动力市场竞争弱势群体的保护,并通过区域性、行业性的集体合同扩大集体协商的作用范围。

Income distribution inequality is a serious social problem that China faces at the middleincome stage. As the representative of worker's interests,ACFTU should play a more important role in the primary income distribution. By using an "employer-employee "matched survey data from Minhang District,Shanghai,the paper uses OLS method to analyze the union wage effect. The result shows that union can significantly increase worker's hourly wage,but not the weekly and monthly wage. The reasons rely on the facts that unionized workplaces have high human capital level and more strictly abide labor regulations,such as working hours. The paper also compares three different variables to determine the union status: the enterprise acceptance( ACFTU standard),employee consent( western standard) and employee recognition( the new standard). The results show that some unions do not fulfill the function of protecting worker's interests; while their effects will cover most workers,if unions are actively organized. However,unions have failed in communicating with workers,so some workers do not know unions' contribution and do not identify themselves as union members. Thus,the ACFTU and western standards of union status will undermine union wage effects. As conclusion,ACFTU should pay more attention to the protection of low-skilled workers,such as migrant and female workers,and to increasing the scope of collective wage negotiation through regional and industrial collective contracts.