转向适应市场经济运行的社保体系

Towards a Social Protection System Compatible to a Market Economy

社会保障的基本功能在于,通过社会共济预防贫穷、减少不平等和增进社会包容。与市场经济正常运行相匹配的社会保障制度安排,还要兼容优化资源配置和促进就业的目标。中国社保体系内含的多轨制,使得对公共部门就业者特别是公务员的保护过度,对农村迁移劳动者特别是其中的非正规就业者的保护不足。因此需要通过制度整合,赋予所有社会成员适度的社会保护。首先,整合城乡民政部门和扶贫系统,发展社会工作者队伍,针对单个贫困家庭及个人的困境,提供亟需的社会援助和社会服务。其次,基于社会保障底线理念,设定社会保险待遇,并据此降低现有缴费率。再次,在社会健康保险和养老保险中,对贫困线以下及贫困边缘人口设置非缴费参保条款,所需资源由财政拨付。最后,以普惠制的社会健康保险和养老保险,满足所有社会成员的基本保健和养老需求。超出基本水平的需求,由企业或个人自愿购买的附加保险项目满足。

The basic function of social protection system is to guard against poverty,reduce inequality,and improve social inclusion in order to achieve social solidarity.Institutional arrangements of social protection adapted to a market economy should aim at optimizing resource allocation and promoting job creation.The multi-track arrangement of China's current social protection system has led to excessive protection for public employees especially civil servants,while rendering insufficient protection for rural migrants particularly those with informal employment.The following measures are suggested to eliminate these ' tracks' so as to provide all citizens with reasonable social protection:first,integrating government civil administration departments and departments for rural poverty reduction,and organizing teams of social workers to help the poor individually with tailored assistance and services.Second,setting up the basic benefit level of social insurance according to the idea of social protection floor,thus lowering the existing contribution rates.Third,establishing state-sponsored,non-contributory benefits of health care and old-age insurance for the poor and marginally poor.Fourth,creating a universal health care and pension system to meet basic needs of all citizens,while leaving demands above the basic level to private insurance schemes paid voluntarily by firms and/or individuals.