中国城市性别失业率差异与就业歧视

Employment Discrimination and Gender Gaps in Unemployment Rate in Urban China

不同于劳动参与的研究,失业是个体积极寻找工作之后仍然无法得到雇佣。男性与女性在中国劳动力市场上的失业率是否存在差异,差异主要源于男性与女性自身条件的不同,还是因为市场存在性别歧视,具有重要的政策含义。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查数据发现:(1)女性失业率显著高于男性,即便控制其他因素影响,性别失业率差异依然显著,且25~34岁个体的性别失业率差异最大,45~55岁个体次之;(2)线性和非线性分解结果都显示,女性在就业过程中不仅遭遇了歧视,而且所遭遇的歧视远高于我们所观察到的性别差异。综合而言,女性处于劣势的自身条件及劳动力市场对其不利的认可,是女性面临更高失业风险的重要原因。

The aim of this paper is to find whether there are significant gender gaps in unemployment rate in China and further to identify the factors that may explain such gaps.It focuses on whether the gaps are mainly due to dominated personnel conditions of women compared to their counterparts,or discrimination against them in the labor market.Using micro data from China Family Panel Studies in2010,it finds that the unemployment rate of women is significantly higher than that of men,especially for those aged 25 to 34 and then 45 to 55.Both linear and non-linear decomposition approaches indicate that women even surface severer discrimination than that is captured by data.To be concluded,the disadvantageous personnel conditions,together with discrimination in the labor market,are important contributions to spur record-high unemployment risk for women.