天熊伏羲创世记——四重证据法解读天水伏羲文化

The Myth of the Creation of Fuxi the Heaven Bear: An Interpretation to Fuxi Culture of Tianshui with Quadruple-evidence Approach

以四重证据法解读有关伏羲号黄熊的历史之谜,结合天水的伏羲文化研究,提示20世纪出土的二重证据长沙楚帛书天熊伏羲创世神话,对接第四重证据——天水本地出土的齐家文化镶嵌绿松石熊形铜牌,重建天熊神话从史前期图腾崇拜到先秦时期楚国神话文本的建构历程。对作为一重证据的传世文献哑谜——《礼记》孔颖达正义引《帝王世纪》的一种说法:"帝庖牺氏,风姓也……是以称大皡,一号黄熊氏。"做出大、小传统贯通的系统性阐释。楚帛书天熊伏羲叙事是迄今所知中国最早记录的创世神话,而伏羲号黄熊和黄帝号有熊的对应现象,暗示着《山海经》熊山熊穴神话与天熊崇拜之间的内在关联。天熊和神熊观念当来自史前大传统的熊图腾信仰,以辽宁建平出土的牛河梁红山文化女神庙熊头骨等实物为证。

With Quadruple-evidence Approach,this paper interprets why Fuxi has an alternative name of Yellow Bear.By referring to the researches on Fuxi culture of Tianshui,it connects the dual evidences of the myth of the Creation of Fuxi the Heaven Bear recorded in a State Chu silk manuscript unearthed in Changsha in the 20 th century with the fourth evidence—a Qijia culture relic of a bear-shaped bronze plaque with mosaic turquoise unearthed in Tianshui—to trace the evolution of the myth of the Heaven Bear from the prehistorical totem worship to the mythological State Chu text in pre-Qin Period.Kong Yingda made a systemic interpretation to the Chu document counted as the first evidence.In adding annotations to Li Ji(The Book of Rites),he cited Di Wang Shi Ji(History of the Emperors):'Emperor Paoxi was surnamed Feng(wind)……also surnamed Dahao with an alternate name Huangxiong(Yellow Bear).'The narration about Fuxi in the Chu manuscript is the earliest written myth of the Creation in China.Both Fuxi’s alternate name Huangxiong and Huangdi’s Youxiong(Having Bear)contain'bear',implying the inner connection between the myth of bear mountains and bear caves in Shan Hai Jing(Classic of Mountains and Seas)and the heaven bear worship.The concept of Tianxiong and Shenxiong(Divine Bear)should have come from the belief of bear totem of the prehistoric tradition.The evidence is the Hongshan Culture of Niuheliang bear skulls unearthed at a goddess temple in Jianping,Liaoning Province.