二里头遗址二里头文化至二里岗文化过渡期的青铜器生产

Bronze Production During the Transition Period from the Erlitou Culture to the Erligang Culture at the Erlitou Site

很明显,二里头遗址从二里头文化时期到二里岗下层文化时期使用。这是因为在这个遗址不仅发现了二里头文化而且还发现了二里岗文化的青铜礼容器。作者从多种陶范的可变组合角度解释了青铜容器的变化过程。简单来说,'爵'、'斝'和'鼎'一样从二里头文化时期的双外范被改为下二里岗文化时期的三外范。尽管如此,在位于二里头遗址Ⅴ区、存在于二里头文化时期的第4号建筑基址旁边的T25和T26中,发现二里头文化第四期后半段至二里岗文化时期制作青铜器的青铜炼渣和坩埚。这表明铸铜作坊由二里头文化时期位于第四区搬迁到二里岗时期位于第五区。铸铜作坊的这一转移始于二里头文化第四期后半段。这一时期表明,在二里头遗址附近建造了偃师商城的同时,商人到达二里头遗址并占领使它为商人制作青铜礼容器。据认为,在二里头遗址第Ⅴ区M1(1987ⅤM1)发现的用三外范技术的'鼎',是在商代初期的二里头遗址第五区的铸铜作坊中铸造的。

It is very clear that Erlitou Site was used from the Erlitou culture period to the lower Erligang culture pe-riod.This is because not only ritual bronze vessels of the Erlitou culture but also those of the Erligang culture have been found at this site.The author has explained the process of change behind bronze vessels from the changeable combination of multiple clay molds.Simply speaking,it is believed that the double outer molds of'Jue'and'Jia'in the Erlitou culture period changed to the triple outer molds of the lower Erligang culture period in addition to'Ding'.Nevertheless,bronze slag and crucibles for making bronzes from the latter half of the Erlitou 4 th period to the Erligang culture period were found in Trenches No.25 and No.26 at Erlitou Site,where Building Foundation No.4 is located in the 5 th area,a place existing during the Erlitou culture period.This indicates that the bronze workshop in the 4 th area of the Erlitou culture period moved to the bronze workshop in the 5 th area of the Erli-gang period.This movement of the bronze workshop started during the latter half of the Erlitou 4 th period.This period suggests that Shang people arrived at Erlitou Site and occupied it to produce ritual bronze vessels for Shang people at the same time that they constructed the Yanshi Shang walled city near Erlitou Site.It is thought that'Ding'with a type of three molds technique found at Grave No.1 in the 5 th area of Erlitou Site were produced at the bronze workshop in the 5 th area of Erlitou Site at the beginning of the Shang period.