义务与互惠:乡村公共事务参与的新模式分析——基于山西省BS村全民义务清扫制度的个案考察

Obligation and Reciprocity:Analysis of the New Model of Rural Public Affairs Participation——A Case Study Based on the Compulsory Cleaning System in BS Village of Shanxi Province

如何构建适宜的制度模式,调动村民参与公共事务的积极性,提升参与的有效性,一直是学者关注的议题和实践层面的难题。在已有公共事务参与的实践与理论中,我国农业合作化运动注重组织强制和责任分配,西方自主组织理论强调互惠合约和个人权利保护。而山西省BS村的全民义务清扫制度是一种建立在义务参与常态化和互惠共享理性化基础上的参与模式,它以最低成本实现了村庄垃圾清扫的目标。该模式在运行逻辑上,借助一定的教育机制、激励机制和引导机制促使村民积极履行义务;在运行实践中虽然面临着民主程序不完善、依赖行动惯性和基层公共服务体系的制约,但它调动村民主体性的作用已经显现,并可能成为促进村民参与乡村公共事务的新模式。

How to construct an appropriate ins titutional model, mobilize the enthusiasm of villagers to participate in public affairs, and enhance the effectiveness of participation, has always been a topic of concern for scholars and a difficult problem at the practical level. In the theory and practice of public affairs participation, China’s agricultural cooperative movement focuses on organizational coercion and responsibility distribution, and western independent organization theory emphasizes reciprocal contracts and individual rights protection. The compulsory cleaning system of BS Village in Shanxi Province is a participation mode based on the normalization of compulsory participation and the rationalization of mutual benefit sharing. It achieves the goal of village garbage cleaning at the lowest cost. In the operational logic, the model relies on certain educational mechanisms, incentive mechanisms and guiding mechanisms to encourage the villagers to actively fulfill their obligations. In practice, although it faces the constraints of imperfect democratic procedures,reliance on inertia of actions and grassroots public service system, its role in mobilizing the subjectivity of the villagers has emerged, and may become a new model to promote villagers’ participation in rural public affairs.