人口老龄化、劳动力市场变化与养老保障问题——完善城镇职工基本养老保险制度的思考

Population Aging, Change of Labor Market and Social Security for the Old Age ——How to Improve the Basic Pension Insurance System for Urban Workers

在审视我国人口老龄化后果及其挑战的基础上,结合劳动力市场变化讨论如何完善城镇职工基本养老保险制度问题。虽然城镇职工基本养老保险制度的覆盖率还很低,但由于退休人员数量快速增长,养老金替代率不断下降。扩大覆盖面虽然从短期来看可以确保替代率水平不再降低,但这一办法最终会随着覆盖率提高失去作用。维持替代率稳定的长期治本之策必须从筹资的角度加以解决。我国城镇职工基本养老保险制度缴费率已经属于世界最高水平,难以进一步提高,在此情况下,把国有经济收益作为养老保险基金的一个稳定来源,不仅可以确保养老保障制度的财务可持续性,而且也会使制度具有鲜明的中国特色。

By analyzing the consequences and challenges of population aging in China,this paper discusses how to improve the basic pension insurance system for urban workers from a perspective of labor market.It concludes that the rapid increase of retirees has resulted in the decrease of pension replacement rate in spite of the low coverage of basic pension insurance for urban workers.It is true that expansion of the coverage may ensure that the replacement rate is not in decline in a short run,but it is actually an issue of financing to maintain a stable replacement in a long run. In addition, the contribution rate of the pension insurance is already the highest in the world. In this situation, China's state-owned economic benefits can be the stable source for pension funds, and the contribution will also make the pension insurance system with the Chinese characteristics.