从管控到规制:新中国成立以来我国养老机构监管政策的历史脉络

From Govern to Supervise: The Historical Line of Regulatory Policy of Nursing Home since New China Founded

我国养老机构的发展与国家宏观政策有着密切关联。对养老机构监管政策作了制度文本上的简要梳理,依照时间序列将其历程划分为四个阶段:全面管控期、社会化开放期、制度规范期、标准化建设期,并从主要政策文件、主要特点、养老机构发展状况等方面进行了分析。养老机构监管政策的基本趋势是从管控到规制,具体表现为政策定位的去行政化、政策的支持功能强化、政策内容具体化、政策目标的技术理性化四个方面。养老机构监管政策及其发展被深刻嵌入国家治理框架中,受国家与社会的关系、福利供给模式、政府职能等一系列宏观因素影响,把握这一点对我们正确理解和预测养老机构发展趋势有着重要意义。

The development of Chinese nursing home has close relations to the state macro-policies. The paper outlines briefly the supervisory policies on the nursing home and divides them into four phases according to time series: overall control period, socialized open period, institutional norm period as well as standardized construction period, and analyzes four periods from the viewpoints of policy documents, characteristics and institution development sates. The paper tells that the basic trend of regulatory policy to the nursing home is from govern to supervise. It is embodied in four aspects: de-administration in policy orientation, strengthen in policy support function, materialization in policy content and technical rationalization in policy goal. Supervisory policies of nursing home are inlfuenced by a series of macro factors, such as the relationship between state and society, welfare supply mode and government functions. It has important signiifcance for us to understand and predict the nursing home development tendency correctly.