欧美国家人口老龄化战略的实践与探讨

Study and Practice of the Aging Strategy in European and American Countries

为应对人口老龄化带来的诸多问题,欧美国家进行了大量的理论研究和实践探索。基于理论分析发现:劳动力市场、养老金、生育、教育等任何一个领域的改革都能缓解人口老龄化对社会发展的负面影响,但其影响较小;如果同时对每个领域进行系统化的配套改革,即使每项改革的幅度不大,也将取得更好的效果。实践中,受制度的具体设计和其他外部因素的影响,欧美国家的改革推行受到了各种阻力。为化解我国人口老龄化的风险和压力,进行涉及就业、教育、社会保险、医疗、住房、交通、养老服务等方面的整体改革已是当务之急。除了将年龄作为各项政策改革的重要参数,还需考虑性别、民族、身体机能的自然退化等更多现实因素。

To deal with the social problems caused by aging, the European and American countries have explored a lot of theoretical researches and practices. Based on the theoretical analysis, the reform of any ifeld such as labor market, pension, fertility and education can alleviate the negative impact of aging although little impact. If we form a systematic reform in every ifeld, even if each reform is not signiifcant, it will achieve better results. In practice, the reform is facing all kinds of resistance because of the inlfuence of speciifc design and other external factors from the system reform. In order to resolve the risk and pressure of the aging of population in China, the reform of employment, education, social insurance, medical treatment, housing, transportation, pension services is a top priority. During the course of reform, age is an important parameter, but it also need to consider sex, nationality, physical function of the natural degradation and other realistic factors.