自由与善——康德与孟子人性思想及其实现路径的比较

Freedom and Good——A comparison between two Thoughts of Human Nature and their Realizations coming from Kant and Mencius

康德以人为出发点,以人的主观选择与道德法则之关联来展开人性的探讨,但这一关联仅揭示了人性的形式层面,要想求得人性之整体还需要把质料层面纳入进来,这就从人学走向了神学。这是外在超出的思路。孟子也以人为出发点,但人内在地包含天道,人只需"反身而诚",求其本心即可,因为反观本心即可达至吾心即是宇宙、万物与我一体的境地。与康德不同,这一逻辑的展开是内在超越的思路。探讨康德与孟子的人性思想,以此揭示两种不同的哲学实现路径,有助于在比较哲学的视野下对中西哲学进行合理的定位。

Taking human being as a starting point,Kant explores humanity viewing from the relation between subjective choice and moral law.But such relation only discloses the form of human nature,we must consider the aspect of material if we want to acquire the completeness of human nature,which makes philosophy turn from anthropology to theology and is also called a way of external transcendence.Taking human being as a starting point too,Mencius manifests human nature through human being’s conscience which inherently includes the Tao of Heaven.So we will get the completeness of human nature through introspecting our conscience.We can reach the state of one’s conscience being universe and the state of all things and I integrating into one unit through introspecting,which is a way of internal transcendence.The two different ways between Kant and Mencius show the different realizations between the Chinese philosophy and the west philosophy,which helps to make appropriate orientation of Chinese and Western philosophy from the perspective of Comparative Philosophy.