德国古典哲学视野中的启蒙运动

The Enlightenment in the View of Classical German Philosophy

德国古典哲学代表人物在述及启蒙运动哲学时,似乎往往刻意贬抑、草草带过。通过考察黑格尔、康德和雅可比的作品,本文从两个方面向我们展示了德国古典哲学对启蒙运动所进行批判的深刻性:(1)无论是雅可比还是黑格尔,他们对启蒙运动的批判都揭示了'启蒙的辩证法':以启蒙之名所追求的理性统治骤变为非理性的统治;(2)通过康德和黑格尔对哲学科学的方法以及标准科目进行转型和扩展,德国古典哲学还试图引入对理性的另一种更好的理解:合理性和非合理性在现实中不是相互孤立的,理性是内在于现实之中的。要之,一方面,德国古典哲学乃是站在启蒙运动的肩膀上,另一方面,启蒙运动的思想财富也由之得以转型并且留存于世。

The overall image that emerges from Schelling’s and Hegel’s lectures on the history of philosophy is that there is hardly any positive evaluation and prolific analysis of the Enlightenment Philosophy in Classical German Philosophy.Examining writings by Hegel,Kant and Jacobi,this speech shows us the profundity of Classical German Philosophy’s critique of the Enlightenment from two aspects:(1)both Hegel’s and Jacobi’s criticisms reveal the'dialectic of Enlightenment':The sovereignty of reason which is sought for in the name of the Enlightenment becomes the sovereignty of unreason;(2)through the transformation and extension of both method and canons of philosophical sciences by Kant and Hegel,Classical German Philosophy also tries to counter the Enlightenment with a better understanding of reason:The rational and the non-rational do not isolate from each other in the reality,and the reason is incorporated in the reality.In short,Classical German Philosophy stands on the shoulders of Enlightenment,and in this way the ideas of Enlightenment endure and continue to survive.