妇道与贞德——早期中国女性伦理道德建构

Women Virtue and Zhen Virtue:Moral Constructing of Women Ethics in Early China

先秦两汉的女性伦理建构,是早期中国伦理建构的重要内容,也与其他人伦道德建构密切关联。西周之前的女性伦理内涵,主要源于性禁忌,具体表现为'同姓不婚',禁止同姓乱伦和同族异性侵渎,后来逐渐发展为'男女有别'的伦理道德形式。春秋战国时期,孔子'六经'整理诠释和先秦诸子思想发明,把妇道作为整个伦理体系的重要一部分从不同角度加以深刻阐释,逐渐形成与规范礼制中婚姻制度和爵位财产继承制度相适应的贞节女德观念。汉代初期朝野放浪无耻,促使汉王朝加快伦理道德规范建设,将董仲舒总结和论证的'三纲五常'体系上升到全社会通行的人伦道德规范,东汉《白虎通义》再加以系统化解释和发挥,其中贞德作为妇道的核心内涵而完成制度性建构。汉代的政治教化也以正面鼓励的形式全面支持和推行贞德。

Moral constructing of Women ethics in Pro-Qin and two Han dynasties was important content of moral constructing of ethics in early China.It was also closely related to other moral constructing of ethics.Before Western-Zhou,its connotation came from sex taboo,which expressed that marriage between people bearing the same surname was forbidden and forbid and prohibition of incest and heterosexual abuse by the same surname.Then it gradually developed to be the form of ethics and moral difference between man and woman.In the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period,Confucius and other thinkers all regarded women virtue as an important part and form chastity or virginity related to marriage system and the system of succession of title and property.In the early Han dynasty,moral level was very low in the court and the commonalty,and the ruler had to reconstruct ethical and moral norm.They took the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues as specified in the feudal ethical codeas prevailing moral norms for all people,which was summarized and demonstrated by Dong Zhongshu,when it was systematically explained and exerted in Bai Hu Tong Yi in the eastern Han dynasty,Zhen-virtue had been Institutionally constructed as the core connotation of the way of women.The political education of Han dynasty also fully supported and promoted Zhen-virtue in the form of positive encouragement.