流动儿童义务教育公用经费分担的政策趋向与工具设计

Policy Trend and Tool Design of Non-personnel Expenditure Sharing for Migrant Children in Compulsory Education

纵观近二十年流动儿童教育政策发现,公用经费的分担经历了办学者和学生家庭自筹、流入地政府负责、中央与地方政府按比例承担等阶段。政策始终以教育公平为旨归,致力于改善"薄弱环节";经费结构和责任范畴的划分趋于精细化;财政分担主体由市场转向政府;中央渐进介入,分担主体重心升高。从政策工具视角审视政府的行动逻辑可知,流动儿童公用经费分担政策的改进是以权威型工具为根本,以能力型工具为支撑,以诱因型、劝说型和学习型工具为指引,并不断调整原有工具的使用频率与作用形式。混合型政策工具将是应对"政策效果递减"和实现教育体制转变过程的必然选择。

Retrospecting the educational policy of migrant children in the past two decades,it is found that the sharing of non-personnel expenditure has changed from self-financing of runners and students to responsibility of the local government,then to proportionate commitment by the central and local governments. The policy always aims at education equity and‘weak link’,and the division of the financial structure and responsibility category tends to be refined. The financial sharing subject shifts from market to government,and central government gradually intervenes,raising the center of the sharing. From the perspective of policy instrument,its improvement is based on authoritative tools,supported by capacity-oriented tools,and guided by inducement,persuasion and learning tools. In the meanwhile,the government constantly adjusts its frequency and form of the original policy instrument. The mixed type will become the inevitable choice to deal with the decline of policy effect and to realize the process of system transformation.