中体西用观念与“中国特殊性”话语缘起探析

An Analysis of the Concept of Westernized Chinese Style and the Origin of "Chinese Particularity"

在中国传统社会中,以汉族政权为代表的"中国"在与异质文化的对比中,以"中国特殊性"作为论证自身合法性的支撑,首先是在一种比较视阈中审视夷/夏、内/外关系。直到近代国门被迫开放之后,千百年来依赖儒学文化构建的自我中心观念在西方文明强势入侵下不得不发生"我者""他者"的区分意识。于是,士大夫阶层在传统文化的资源中寻求解决方案,最后的成果就是"中学为体、西学为用"。无论是维新改良派还是资产阶级革命派颁发的一系列政治檄文中,虽然到处皆充斥着"改良""革命"等时髦词汇,但内里都不过是从礼乐、制度、政术的层面延续了夷夏之辨的核心。这种"变"因为缺乏对中国特殊国情的深入分析,以及对西学相对浅显的吸收等原因,最终无法提炼出一套科学的理论成果,也就不能完成救亡图存的历史使命。可以说,将学习西方、自我改革纳入儒学的范围中进行,这一超越传统族群观念而上升到国际关系的"中体西用"观念,真正开启了"中国特殊性"话语的缘起。

In the contrast between 'China' represented by the Han nationality regime and heterogeneous culture in the traditional Chinese society,the first thing to do is to examine the relationship between the Yi/Xia and the inner/outer with the support of 'Chinese particularity'. Self-centered concept depending on Confucianism has to distinguish between 'we' and 'the other' in modern time. Therefore,the 'Westernized Chinese style' is the final outcome of the solution,and 'improvement' and 'revolution' in political polemic still continues to be the core of the debate of Yi-xia due to the lack of analysis of China’s special conditions and the superficial absorption of Western learning. In the end,it is impossible to extract a scientific result and to save country. It may be said that learning from the West and reforming ourselves into Confucians really opened the origin of the discourse of 'Chinese particularity'.