深度休闲:国外文献述评与研究启示

Serious Leisure:Literature Review and Concepts for Future Research

休闲日益成为现代社会的重要生活方式,深度休闲受到人们的热衷追求。国外学者关注较早、成果较多,而国内研究相对滞后,对实践发展指导有限。文章基于对国外文献的系统梳理发现:(1)从研究历程上来看,国外研究历经近半个世纪,大致经历了初步探索、理论框架形成和快速发展3个阶段。(2)研究对象方面,主要涉及业余爱好、体育运动、志愿服务和文化艺术4种活动类型。(3)研究方法运用上,既有质性研究,如分析归纳、深度访谈、问卷调查等的混合使用,也有结构方程模型分析的大量运用。此外,还有人类学和民族志研究方式、数理统计检验方法以及扎根理论的应用等。(4)研究内容方面,主要集中在深度休闲的概念及测量、动机与行为、成本与效益以及影响因素的考察等。国外文献为国内研究提供了重要的参考和指导,然而单维视角考察难免存在一定局限,建议国内研究除了学术态度上积极关注、研究内容上坚持借鉴和拓展相结合外,还应进行多学科、多角度的理论审视和系统分析。

Leisure has increasingly become an important way of life in modern society. The improvement of individuals’ ability to pay for leisure and the optimization of structured leisure time led to higher demands for activity options and a greater degree of participation. Serious leisure is an important type of leisure activity that can reflect a higher level of leisure involvement to a certain extent;i.e., most people pursue their leisure activities seriously. On the one hand, strengthening the serious leisure research discussion can provide guidance to facilitate the active participation of individuals and meet their higher level of leisure needs. On the other hand, the literature can provide references for the management of the relevant departments. Internationally, scholars have studied serious leisure to improve individuals’ leisure participation. However, Chinese scholars have only recently begun to discuss this topic and their research still lags behind that of Western scholars, which limits the guidance for the practical development of serious leisure activities in China. Chinese residents have unique leisure ideas compared with those upheld by Western society;thus, this uniqueness provides a broad field for serious leisure research in China. Therefore, it is very important to learn from the theoretical achievements of serious leisure research internationally. This paper categorizes and summarizes the serious leisure literature internationally to identify its development contexts, research themes, and trending characteristics to provide the necessary references and guidance for Chinese research.Four main conclusions were obtained from a systematic review of the literature. Scholars have focused on serious leisure from a research perspective for nearly 50 years. First, three stages were identified: i.e., preliminary exploration, the formation of a theoretical framework, and rapid development. Second, the research objects were mainly related to hobbies, sports, volunteering, and cultural arts. Third, the research methods included qualitative research, such as a mixture of analysis and induction, in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, and structural equation modeling analysis.They also included anthropological and ethnographic research methods, statistical methods, and the application of grounded theory. Fourth, the research contents were mainly concentrated on the concept and measurement of serious leisure, its motivations and behaviors, costs and benefits, and other influential factors.The international literature provides important references and guidance for researchers in China.However, a one-dimensional perspective inevitably has some limitations. Based on the cultural tradition of leisure in China, industrial development, and the status of academic research, we propose that the Chinese academic community pay attention to the serious leisure field and accurately understand its status and trends in the international research literature. Future research directions include the following five points:(1) Based on the conceptual framework of serious leisure, the applicability of the unique types of Chinese leisure activities should necessarily be investigated, and then theoretical interpretations within the framework may be amended and improved.(2) Using an international serious leisure scale to collect Chinese sample data, serious leisure measurement tools and means should be developed and tested empirically.(3) Serious leisure’s mechanism of influence should be examined.(4)The quality of life and subjective well-being of participants engaging in serious leisure should be explored by combining their lifestyle perspectives in serious leisure studies.(5) An empirical analysis of the spatiotemporal differentiation and group differences in China is also important. Finally, the research methods used should be integrated and diverse. With the help of theories and methods from the fields of sociology, economics, management, and psychology, research in China can be conducted in a new theoretical examination and systematic analysis from a broader academic perspective, which extends to social lifestyles and industrial economic fields.