从跨层结构到副词:“难于”的演化历程与表达功用——兼论“X于”的副词化趋势

From Cross-structure to Adverb:the Evolution and Expressive Function of Nanyu(难于)——also on the adverb tendency of "XYu"

现代汉语中'难于'存在跨层短语、粘宾动词和副词的连续统,随着'难于'的功能拓展,使用范围进一步扩大,其后成分可以是名词性成分NP,用来引进比较对象,还可以修饰、限制谓词性成分VP,衍生出委婉否定的语用功能。'难于'经历了由跨层结构演变为粘宾动词的过程,随后又在语法化的道路上继续前进,逐渐虚化为副词。'难于'的语法化是从行域到知域,从句法到词法的演化过程。

In modern Chinese,there is a continuum of cross-structure,visco-object verb and adverb in nanyu(难于).With the expansion of the function of nanyu,the scope of use is further expanded,and the latter elements can be used to introduce comparative objects except for the nominal component NP.The pragmatic function of euphemism and negation can also be derived by modifying and limiting the predicate component VP.Nanyu has gone through the process of changing from cross-structure to visco-object verb,and then went on the way of grammaticalization,gradually turning it into adverb.The grammaticalization of nanyu is the evolution process from acting domains to knowing domains,from syntax to lexical.