应对“卡尔·马克思早已策划好的危局":冷战、美国对阿拉伯民族主义的反应和艾森豪威尔主义

Dealing with"A Situation which Might Have Been Devised by Karl Marx Himself":The Cold War,American Response to Arab Nationalism,and the Eisenhower Doctrine

战后由于阿拉伯民族主义的迅速发展以及苏联势力向这一地区的渗透,如何控制和遏制阿拉伯民族主义的发展以及苏联势力的扩展,如何处理西方需要中东石油资源的利益同这一地区日益增长的民族主义的浪潮之间的关系,就成为美国中东政策的主要目标。艾森豪威尔主义成为冷战时期美国中东政策的重要指导原则。总体而言,从杜鲁门到艾森豪威尔时期美国中东政策的实施并非完全成功,其主要原因不仅在于,美国决策者,特别是艾森豪威尔和杜勒斯过高估计了美国在阿拉伯世界中的政治实力和政治影响,同时低估了阿拉伯民族主义特别是纳赛尔的实力和影响;而且,阿拉伯世界保守的领导人不能或不愿发挥美国决策者所期望的作用,也是美国中东政策的重点开始决定性地转向以色列的最为重要的原因。此后美国政策的重点转向大力支持以色列。以此作为实现美国政策目标的关键力量。

Because of the rapid developments of Arab nationalism and the involvement with the Soviets in this area after World War Ⅱ,the main goal of the American Middle East policy was not only to control and contain the developments of Arab nationalism and expansion of the Soviet forces,but to handle the relationship between Western interests of oil resource requirement and the increasing waves of Arab nationalism.The Eisenhower Doctrine becomes the most important guideline of American Middle East policies during the cold war.In general,the implementation of such policy does not totally succeed from Harry S Truman to Dwight D.Eisenhower, the main reason lies in the facts that American policymakers,especially Eisenhower and John F.Dulles overestimated American influence in the Arab world on the one hand,and they undervalued Arab nationalist power,particularly Gamal Abdel Nass- er's political power on the other hand.Meanwhile,the conservative leaders of the Arab world were unable or unwilling to play the roles of which American policymak- ers expected for,and this situation led the United States turned its Middle East policy priority to Israel.Backing up Israel in a more cost-effective way was regarded as the key to realizing the objectives of America policy.