土壤基础肥力和肥水运筹对春小麦产量和品质及植株氮素状况的影响

Effects of Soil Basic Fertility and Fertilizer and Water on Yield and Quality and Nitrogen Content and Nitrate Reductase in Leaf in Spring Wheat

本试验采用裂区设计,主区设施基肥(F)和不施基肥(O)处理,副区为追肥灌水处理,供试小麦品种为宁春4号,播种量均为750万有效粒数/hm2,同一试验方案分别在地段I和地段II同时连续进行三年。通过试验探讨了在不同地力条件下,不同基肥水平结合不同追肥灌水处理对春小麦产量和品质及植株氮素运转的影响。试验结果表明,培肥地力与较低地力时增施基肥是小麦高产优质的基础;增施基肥以及小麦孕穗至开花期追施氮肥通过增加叶氮量与植株NRA活性进而提高了籽粒蛋白质含量。籽粒产量和蛋白质含量之间的负相关关系可以通过培肥地力及合理肥水运筹加以协调。氮肥和灌水对提高产量具有共同作用,但对小麦品质的影响不同。对同一优质品种,氮肥能增加籽粒蛋白质和干面筋含量,却降低了面粉加工品质;水分会降低蛋白质和干面筋含量,却提高了面粉加工品质。当水肥密切配合时,能使小麦产量大幅度提高而对小麦品质没有明显影响。小麦高产优质高效栽培的技术关键是以优质品种为前提,在较高地力基础上肥水合理运用。

A spit plot desigh was adopted in the enperiment, fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments as main plots, and fertilizer and irrigation treatments during wheat growth as subplots. The variety 'Ningchun 4' was adopted as the experiment material, the seed rate at 7,500,000 valid grains·hm-2. The same experiment design was fulfilled on field I and II in the same time in three years. The effects of different fertilizer and irrigation treatments under different basic fertilities on yield, quality, nitrogen content and nitrate reductase in leaf in spring wheat were researched through this experiment.The results showed that increasing soil basic fertility and basic fertilizer application were the foundation of highyielding and good quality for wheat; The reasons for increasing grain protein content after increasing basic fertility and applying nitrogen fertilizer during the booting and anthesis for wheat were that nitrogen content in leaf and nitrate reductase activity were raised in the period. The negative correlation between the grain yield and grain protein content for wheat could be changed by increasing basic fertility and applying suitable rate of fertilizer and irrigation. The effects of both applying nitrogen and irrigation on wheat yield were similar but the effects on wheat quality were different. The grain protein content and the dry gluten percentage were increased and the processing quality for flour were decreased by nitrogen fertilizer, oppositely. The grain protein content and the dry gluten percentage were decreased and the processing quality for flour were increased by water. It was possiblibe that the yield was largely increased and the processing quality was not notably affected in suitable fertilizer and water. The key to techniques for wheat cultivation with high yield, good quality and high benefits were to apply fertilizer and water reasonably on higher soil fertility foundation.