论中国工业的比较优势

On Relative Advantage of China's Manufacture Industry

成本比较优势的机制在当代国际分工和国际贸易中仍然发挥作用。中国工业的比较优势主要是劳动力资源丰富。改革开放以来 ,中国国际贸易的高速增长 ,主要得益于较好地发挥了劳动力便宜的比较优势。由于二元经济结构和地区经济发展水平上的差异将继续存在 ,同时由于劳动力供给大大超出劳动力的需求 ,中国劳动力便宜的比较优势将能够长期保持下去。但是 ,劳动力便宜的比较优势是相对的 ,在资本和技术密集型产业 ,这种优势并不明显。企业办社会和人浮于事等大大抵消了劳动力便宜的优势。所以 ,在市场竞争中 ,必须高度重视提高劳动生产率。制造业员工的工资水平低 ,虽然有利于降低企业生产成本 ,但也有消极作用 :一是在国际贸易中 ,导致国民福利的流出 ;二是限制了低收入阶层的购买力 ,抑制了国内需求。

The mechanism of relative cost advantage is still playing a role in the contemporary international division and world trade. China's relative advantage is rich labor resource. The high growth of China's world trade has benefited from its low labor cost since reform and opening to the outside. As dual economic structure and gap between regions are existed, and at the same time the supply of labor force is larger than the demand, China's relatively low labor cost will continue for a long period of time. However, advantage of low labor cost is comparative and is less obvious in the capital and Hi-tech industries. As many enterprises developed all directions and overstaffed largely offset the advantage of low cost of labor. So improving labor productivity must be paid attention to in market economy. Although low labor cost benefits reducing production cost, it has negative influence, on one hand it leads to flow national welfare in world trade; on the other hand, it both restricts purchasing power of the people with low income and domestic demand. We believe increasing wages of workers in manufacture industry is necessary.