西方主体性哲学从传统向现代的转变及其困境

The Western Subjective Philosophy:Transformation from Tradition to Modernity and It's Dilemma

人的主体性是现代社会的重要问题,在西方启蒙时代初期,人的主体性观念是以人的理性为基础建立的,人的理性与西方传统的上帝(超感性领域)观念相互交织,共同构成西方近代社会人的主体性观念。尼采的"上帝死了",打破了西方社会人的主体性观念的内在和谐,虽为人的存在注入了生命活力,但由于尼采彻底抛弃了西方传统的基督教道德及近代理性主义主体性哲学,致使他的以强力意志为基础的主体性哲学陷入反理性主义泥潭而无法自拔。挣脱了传统制约的现代西方人的主体性观念在为西方社会创造了丰富的物质财富的同时,也彻底打破了人与世界、现代与传统的和谐,从而使现代西方人处于"无家可归"的状态。海德格尔认为,应把人的主体性确立在追求人与自然、社会及现代与传统的内在和谐的基本范畴内才是合理的。

The subjectivity of human beings is an important question in modern society. In the early period of the western enlightenment, the concep of subjectivity was based on the reason of human beings involved with western transcendental God. In fact, the subjectivity in western modern society is constituted with these two factors. What Nietzsche called God is dead destroys the internal harmony of the subjectivity in western modern society though it animates the existence of human beings. The modern western concept of subjectivity helps produce rich physical wealth, it destroys the harmony of human and the nature. Heidegger believed that it was reasonable only to establish subjectivity in the internal harmony of human beings, nature and society.