芬兰探险家马达汉访察卫拉特蒙古述略

Visiting of Oirat Mongol by Finland Adventuror Manerheim

本文对芬兰探险家马达汉的新疆考察进行了具体分析和评价,指出马达汉20世纪初受俄军参谋部派遣到中国,特别在新疆进行间谍考察,充当了沙皇俄国侵略中国的马前卒。但是,马达汉在为时两年的考察中,又有效地进行了历史学、人类学、民族学、社会学的考察,留下了大量科考资料、照片、实物,所有这些今天都成了不可再生的历史遗产,对我们了解和研究晚清时期的历史,特别是20世纪初新疆的历史、社会、人文、地理和中外关系等方面,均有重要的历史价值。同时,马达汉的日记、回忆录、军事报告书、照片和实物也涉及卫拉特蒙古社会方方面面,也都成了今天我们研究20世纪初卫拉特蒙古的难得的第一手资料。正是基于这一原因,马达汉的新疆考察作为外国探险家新疆考察的有机组成是不应该被忽视的。

Analyzing and making some comments on the exploration of Finland adventurer Manerheim,the article points out that Manerheim,dispatched by Russian Advicory Department,especially undertaking espionage,acted as a pawn of Tsarist Russia.However,in these two years,he effectively surveyed from of historical,anthropologically,ethnological and sociological angles,and left us a number of data,pictures and samples,all of which became unborn historical heritages of today and which provided us with Wan- Qing history,especially Xinjiang's history,society,humanity,geography and foreign relations of 20 th century.Simultaniously,Manerheim's dairy,reminiscenecs,military reports,pictures and samples touches upon vrious aspects of Oirat Mongol society and which also became the first- handmaterials in the study of 20 th century Oirat Mongol.