新疆蒙古族萨满教的历史与现状

The past and present of Xinjiang Mongolian Shamanism

新疆各部蒙古族早期信仰萨满教。虽然历史上袄教、基督教、道教、佛教、伊斯兰教等曾传入蒙古地区,但很快就销声匿迹了,未对蒙古族产生太大影响。十六、十七世纪以前,萨满教一直是蒙古族的主流信仰。十六世纪中后期,藏传佛教(俗称喇嘛教)传入蒙古,到了十七、十八世纪,蒙古各部先后皈依喇嘛教,萨满教则以各种形态零星散落于民间。这些散落民间的萨满教在当代新疆蒙古社会表现为:一方面,既具有喇嘛教外表又具有萨满教内涵的主文化特点,同时又因受新疆多元文化的影响表现出复杂的亚文化特点;另一方面,它的宗教性日见减弱,民俗性日趋增强。

The early time,Xinjiang Mongolia believed Shamanism in histoiy.Although the Zoroastiianism,Christianity,Taoism,Buddhism,Islamism and so on once spread to the Mongolian area,they vanished very quickly,and the influence which produced to the Mongolian.society are not great.Before 16 th and 17 th centuries,the Mongolian Shamanism had been the mainstream belief.At the mid- and late 16 th century,Lamaism spreads to the Mongolian area.Till 17 th and 18 th century,Mongolia had converted to Lamanism,Shamanism exists by each form in the Mongolian area.These forms of Shamanism are:,on the one hand,they both have Lamaism's external performance and to have Shamanism's intrinsic form,also has the multicultural trace,On the other hand,the religious of Shamanism subsides day by day,but the folk custom of Shamanism strengthens day by day.