清代霍博克赛里土尔扈特蒙古赴藏熬茶活动初探

On Hobuksar Tuerhute's tea donation to Tibet in Qing dynasty

明末清初,游牧于西北的卫拉特蒙古共分准噶尔、土尔扈特、杜尔伯特、和硕特四部。由于草场引发部族纷争,其中的土尔扈特部落选择了逐水草西迁至伏尔加河流域定居。百余年后,土尔扈特蒙古在其首领渥巴锡的带领下,历经归途的战尘,于乾隆三十六年(1771)举部东归。清廷极为关注和重视土尔扈特部众,对历尽艰辛回归故土的土尔扈特部众抚恤接济,指地安置,并安排土尔扈特首领前往避暑山庄朝觐和派人赴藏熬茶。就土尔扈特派人赴藏熬茶一事,清廷在土尔扈特回归后的第一时间即有安排,只是由于以往所发掘史料的不足和研究侧重点的不同,土尔扈特赴藏熬茶之事一直被忽略到现在,以至于形成历史研究的空白。我们知道,土尔扈特蒙古与其他蒙古一样,信奉藏传佛教,在所进行的各种佛事活动中,熬茶是一项极其重要的环节和内容。在此所讲熬茶是指信徒在佛教寺院熬茶布施,喇嘛则为之念经祈福。根据目前掌握的档案文献史料,到嘉庆末年为止,东归之后的霍博克赛里土尔扈特蒙古参与的有规模、有组织的赴藏熬茶活动共有七次,本文谨对其七次赴藏熬茶活动试作探析。

In late Ming and early Qing Dynasty,Oirad Mongolian nomadic in northwest regionls is divided into four tribes:Junggar,Tuerhute,Dorbet,Heshuote.Because the tribes competed for the grassland,Tuerhute selected westward migration and settled in the volga river valley.One hundred years later,Tuerhute Mongolian returned to China after a series of war under Wobaxi's leadership in Qianlong 51 years.The Qing government is very concerned about and attended Tuerhute,and gave pension support to the people of back home through hardships,and specified the land for resettlement.Then Qing government arranged Tuerhute leader to tribute in Summer resort,and settled tea donation to Tibet.About Tuerhute's tea donation to Tibet,after Tuerhute return Qing government made arrangements for the first time.Just because the past master data is not much and the emphasis of the research are different,Tuerhute's tea donation to Tibet has been neglected until now.It led to the blank in the research of history.