蒙古族敖包祭祀习俗考

A Study on Mongols' Oboo Sacrifice Custom

蒙古高原的敖包祭祀,源自于北方草原民族原始萨满教中的自然崇拜和祖先崇拜,在漫长的社会进化过程中,承载着草原人一代又一代的精神需求和对大自然的敬畏之心、对祖先的崇拜之心。蒙古人在继承先辈敖包祭祀的风俗中,逐渐形成了自己的一套祭祀方法和程序。藏传佛教传入蒙古地区后,敖包祭祀中加入了许多佛教元素,特别是一些废除血祭、采用素祭的方法,就是佛教对萨满教敖包祭祀程序的重大改革。从现有众多资料分析来看,敖包祭祀是北方草原民族共有的传统祭祀,其主要目的是为了祈雨,同时也有祭苍天、祭大地、祭祖先的深层含义,还包含了诸如祈盼生态平衡、人畜兴旺,促进人与自然和谐相处等文化内涵。

The Oboo Sacrifice in the Mongol Plateau is originated from nature and ancestor worship of the Shamanism in the north ethnical groups.Over the long lasting social evolution process,it carries the spiritual demands,awfulness to the great nature and worship of ancestors.While inheriting their ancestors' custom of Oboo Sacrifice,the Mongolian has formed their own method and procedure.After the introduction of the Tibetan Buddhism into Mongolian areas,there are many Buddhism factors been introduced to the Oboo Sacrifice,in particular,the replacement of blood sacrifice with grain sacrifice is a major reform of the Buddhism to the Oboo Sacrifice of the Shamanism.From the analysis of many references,the Oboo Sacrifice is a traditional sacrifice of the north ethnical groups of the grassland.The main purpose is to pray for the rain,meanwhile,it has the deeper meaning of worship of the heaven,the earth and ancestors.It also include other culture indications,such as pray for ecological balance,prosperous of human beings and animals,promote harmonious coexistence between human and nature.