论事实判断的外观展示——基于证据制度历史的分析

On the Appearance Display of Factual Judgment——Research on the History of Evidence System

作为司法权威性的基础,事实判断必须具有正义外观,以使其审理过程及结果具有可接受性。在早期司法中,基于民间规范形成了事实判断外观展示的方式,即神判的形式化展示。随着宗教观念变化和智识能力的提升,国家法通过证据法定的路径优化形式化展示方式,并最终演化为心证公开的实质化展示。分析事实审理权威性产生的机理,形式化展示基于民众的司法信念,实质化展示基于理性与经验,只有两者形成相互支撑的合理架构,方能实现事实判断外观展示的价值目标。

As the foundation of authority of justice,factual judgment must possess the appearance of justice in order to own acceptability during proceedings and outcome of the trial.In the early justice,factual judgment and appearance display measures were created based on the civil rules,which regards the formal presentation of ordeal.As the changing religious perception and improvement of the knowledge capacity,national law optimize the formal presentation by adopting evidence mandatory,eventually evolved as the substantive presentation of disclosure of discretionary evaluation.Analyzing hearing facts authority’s mechanism,which indicate formal presentation were built on people’s judicial conviction and substantive presentation came from reason and experience.However only if both of them can support each other’s reasonable structure,they can achieve value and objectives of factual judgment and appearance display.