审美正义:审美资本主义时代的美学问题

Aesthetic Justice:Aesthetic Problems in the Age of Aesthetic Capitalism

长期以来,受德国古典美学和浪漫主义美学的影响,学界一直强调审美的自律性、超越性和无功利性。以法兰克福学派为代表的西方马克思主义继承了德国古典美学的审美救赎之路,展开了对资本主义的审美与文化批判,期望通过建构审美乌托邦来寄托人类自由解放的希望。但是,这种审美和文化批判的理论路径过分倚重主体心理体验和精神上的绝对自由,忽视了现实历史和社会实践的改造,片面夸大感性、情感、想象力的作用。今天,从全球范围来看,现代性的历史进程依然锐不可当,并且继续以'资本主义'的实在形式遵循着其固有的逻辑在世界范围内扩张,'资本'的魔力和逻辑依旧支配和塑造着人类生活的方方面面。审美资本主义正是西方经济社会新近出现的社会文化现象,本文追溯了审美与资本关系的历史嬗变,就审美资本主义中出现的资本对审美的绑架,展开了对资本的辩证批判与反思,就审美资本主义时代'人的自由和解放'问题,做出了马克思主义美学的回答。

For a long time, influenced by the German classical aesthetics and Romantic aesthetics, the academia has always stressed the self-discipline, transcendence and uninterestedness of aesthetic activities. Frankfurt School, as a representative of western Marxism, followed the aesthetic salvation way of German classical aesthetics,and launched the aesthetic and cultural criticism of capitalism, in the hope of building an aesthetic utopia to achieve free liberation of mankind. However, the theoretical path of aesthetic and cultural criticism has paid too much attention on psychological experience of subject and absolute freedom of spirit, while it ignored the reality of history and social practice, and exaggerated the function of sensibility, emotion and imagination unilaterally. Today, from a global perspective, the historical process of modernity is still unstoppable and continues to outspread in the world in the form of"capitalism". The capital magic and logic still dominate and shape all aspects of human life. The Aesthetic Capitalism is a current social and cultural phenomenon of the western society. The paper traces this historical evolution of the relationship between aesthetics and capital and gives an answer to the problem of "human freedom and liberation" from the perspective of Marxist aesthetics by criticizing capital on the basis of the Marxist historical materialism.