从“审美幻象”到“审美实相”——马克思的晚年思考与中国古代音乐美学之回应

From "Aesthetic Illusion" to "Aesthetic Reality"——Marx’s Thoughts in His Last Years and Its Reflection in Aesthetics of Ancient Chinese Music

'审美幻象'是王杰教授从马克思晚年思想中提炼的一个美学命题,指的是表现为审美形式的、无法如实反映社会现实关系的意识形态。'审美幻象'的出现乃是由于人类的意识无法全面、准确地认识现实世界所导致的,因此克服'幻象'的出路有两个:其一是透过'审美幻象',分析其背后所隐藏的社会现实关系以纠正人们的既有认识偏差;其二是从认识论的角度完善人类的认知结构,从源头上杜绝'幻象'的出现。其中,马克思主义美学研究主要侧重于前者,而中国古代音乐美学则侧重于后者。原则上的一致性和内容上的互补性使得中国古代音乐美学和马克思主义美学存在许多可以广泛交流的空间。以中国古代音乐美学中的唯识学派为例,其关于人类认识能力的双层结构、'审美幻象'产生的原因、'审美实相'的物质基础、基于'实相'的审美理论和认知结构的优化方法等一系列学说,都和马克思晚年对'审美幻象'的思考遥相呼应且具有明显的互补性。因此,中国古代音乐美学思想研究对于马克思主义美学的中国化具有重要的参考价值。

"Aesthetic illusion" is a concept extracted from Marx’s thoughts in his last years by Professor Wang Jie. It refers to the aesthetic ideology that cannot truthfully reflect relations in social realities. It is rooted in the limitation of human consciousness, which cannot accurately understand the real world. There are two ways to overcome this "illusion." The first way is to analyze the hidden social reality behind the "aesthetic illusion" to correct people’s deviation of conception.The second one is to improve the cognitive structure of human beings epistemologically and to eliminate the appearance of "illusions." Marxist aesthetics focuses on the former, while Chinese ancient music aesthetics on the latter. Consistent principles and complementary content lead to communicate in various fields between the two. For example, the Consciousness-Only School in Chinese ancient music aesthetics addresses the causes of "aesthetic illusion," physical basis of "aesthetic reality" and the optimization of cognitive structure among others, as Marx did in his late years. In conclusion, study of ancient Chinese music aesthetics has great significance for the sinicization of Marxist aesthetics.