物化与现实:基于《历史与阶级意识》的分析

Reification and Reality:an Analysis Based on History and Class Consciousness

与马克思区分直接现实、抽象的本质现实、具体的本质现实不同,卢卡奇强调直接现实与真正本质现实的截然二分。主客对立论,主体屈从于物化体系,是卢卡奇物化论的基本框架。通过辩证方法构筑一个超越性的意识主体,是克服物化现实的关键所在。卢卡奇物化论的亮点在于物化现实是失去崇高性的存在物组成的物体系;是被分割的、失去总体性的存在,在思想方法上对应着实证思维和方法论个人主义。对物化现实的激进批判和深重忧虑反映了卢卡奇深受俄国虚无主义思潮的影响。

Marx has made distinctions between direct reality, abstractly essential reality and concretely essential reality. Lukacs, different from Marx, highlighted the very distinction between direct reality and real essential reality. For Lukacs, the concept of direct reality is somehow in the same level with the two concepts of rigid reality and reified reality. Setting the subject against the object, making the subject be subordinated to the reified system, these two have formed the basic frame of reification which Lukacs discussed about. The key to overcome the reified reality is to build a transcendent subject of consciousness. The highlight of Lukacs’ theory of reification is that he has pointed out that the reified reality, is a system of things which have lost their nature of sublimeness, is the being which has been isolated and lost its totality so that its expression in the way of thinking is the positivistic thinking mode and the individualistic methodology, and what’s more, is a system that is too complicated to prevent from being rigid and mechanistic. Lukacs’ radical critique and very concern of reified reality shows that he has been influenced by the thoughts of nihilism from Russia. Compared with Marx at the same age, Lukacs seems a bit more radical and simple.